More than 100 trip reports from PCJ Editor Wayne Senville's meetings with planners along Route 50 during May-July 2007 -- available on our companion site.
One of the most remarkable sights in New York City these days is the transformation of Broadway in the Times Square district from a traffic-jammed artery to a car-free zone, where pedestrians reign. I touched on this briefly in my last post -- in how movable chairs are one key element in this changeover.
One of the advocates behind New York City's growing embrace of pedestrian and bicycle-oriented policies is Transportation Commissioner Janette Sadik-Khan. Listen to her in the following two short video clips. In the first she talks about the changes to Broadway, and how they can serve as a model for New York's other boroughs. In the second video, she responds to questioners in Los Angeles about how to shape city transportation policies.
While the Project for Public Spaces (which I've been reporting on in recent posts) works with communities across the globe, it hasn't forgotten its roots in New York City. In fact, the Big Apple is brewing with pedestrian and bicycle-oriented projects and organizations. This really kicked into high gear in 2006, when the New York City Streets Renaissance (NYCSR) was formed. As described on the StreetFilms blog, the NYCSR was initiated as "a collective effort of non-profit advocacy organizations Transporation Alternatives, the Project for Public Spaces, and The Open Planning Project, the primary goal was to encourage a citywide enlightenment in planning our streets for people and places, not cars and traffic."
One early offshoot was StreetsBlog, followed soon after by StreetFilms. These are two web sites every planner, local official, and community activist should be familiar with. Streetsblog now operates in New York, San Francisco, and Los Angeles, and as Streetsblog New York editor Ben Fried told us at the PPS workshop, the number of blogs covering similar issues has dramatically expanded in the past few years. This has been fostered by the creation of the StreetsBlog network, a collection of nearly 400 independent web blogs that cover pedestrian and bike issues in communities big and small.
Taking a look at the StreetsBlog network home page right now as I'm writing this, I see that reports are posted from Newton, Massachusetts (We Can Prevent Bicyclists From Being Run Over); Virginia Beach, Virginia (Virginia Beach to Lower Shore Drive Speed Limit), along with other cities.
In fact, you may have noticed on our own web blog that we include the StreetsBlog network widget, where you can view recent stories posted by organizations that have joined the network. See what's happening right now -- just scroll towards the bottom of the right hand column on this page and you'll spot the widget.
But I don't want to forget that today is Friday, the day we've been posting short video clips we think you'll enjoy. StreetFilms offers over 300 great videos to choose from -- a collection that's constantly growing. For this post, I want to highlight a new video they've posted that ties in (at least to me) to what I wrote about Petrosino Square earlier this week. The video shows the creative way new public space (often called "parklets") is being created in San Francisco out of portions of streets. Turning pavement into parks -- perhaps something to think about for your community.
This post's title is the question that was at the heart of a fascinating two-day workshop I attended in April. Sponsored by the Project for Public Spaces, the workshop's description as covering "Streets as Places" intrigued me. But PPS Executive Vice President Kathy Madden told me to only come if I was also willing to be an active participant. Sounded like fun, and it was. Indeed, the PPS workshop centered around active interaction between the thirty or so attendees. (Next week I'll talk about our group "walking audit" exercise).
But why think about streets as places? First, streets constitute a surprisingly large amount of the land area within cities, often 30 percent or more. That's a lot of valuable real estate given over the cars and trucks. Second, what happens on streets directly affects what happens on sidewalks. Third, streets affect quality of life; something most all of us care about.
Here's some of what PPS has to say about streets: "While streets were once a place where we stopped for conversation and children played, they are now the exclusive domain of cars. Even where sidewalks are present along highways and high-speed streets, they feel inhospitable and out of place."
For planners and transportation engineers, dealing with streets has long focused on how to move traffic as efficiently and quickly as possible. Other concerns, if considered at all, were secondary. The not too surprising result of this philosophy, as those at PPS succinctly put it, is that "if you plan cities for cars and traffic, you get cars and traffic. If you plan for people and places, you get people and places."
So how do you plan for streets that work as places where people are comfortable? Among the key things PPS recommends is:
using traffic calming strategies, including curb extensions and better intersection design, "to slow down cars, provide more space for walking, and make streets safer to cross;"
simplify circulation patterns for both motorists and pedestrians;
give more emphasis to sidewalks and how they function; and
strengthen the relationship of buildings and surrounding land uses to streets.
But there's one even more overriding concept that PPS President Fred Kent pointed out right at the start of the workshop: "It's not just the road and sidewalks, it's the community. Streets are public spaces."
Kent has focused much of his professional life on this theme. A student of William Holly Whyte -- who pioneered in researching how people use and interact in public spaces -- Kent recounted how one of his first research assignments involved filming a day in the life of a wastebasket on one corner of a midtown Manhattan street. Yes, you read that right. There's much that can be learned, he noted, through careful observation of how people actually use streets and sidewalks (and even how they interact with trash receptacles).
[As a side note, take a look at the short William Whyte video, The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces, that we posted on the PlannersWeb last winter].
Kent went on to found the Project for Public Spaces in 1975. Over the years PPS has grown, and now works with cities not just in the U.S. and Canada, but around the globe.
Kent also spoke about the late Dutch traffic engineer Hans Monderman, who developed the idea of "shared streets" (aka "shared spaces") -- that is, streets without traffic lights, stop signs, or lane markings, but where people can walk freely wherever on the street they want to. According to Kent, one of Monderman's favorite sayings was: "If you want vehicles to behave like they are in a village, build a village."
Monderman's research on shared streets found that they do slow down car speeds, as motorists take their time to weave their way down the block. Earlier in his career, Monderman originated the "Woonerf" street which some of you may have heard of (see slides of a Woonerf street in Delft), a precursor of the shared street.
Interestingly, scenes from early 20th century America show that our main streets back then worked, at least in some ways, as shared streets. Take a look at this short video filmed in 1906 of Market Street, San Francisco's main downtown corridor.
While we may not be ready for shared streets in 21st century America (and the concept is still relatively untested and controversial), the underlying point -- that streets should be designed not just for cars, but for people -- is highly relevant to our cities and towns today.
In my next post, I'll tell you how workshop participants spent part of the afternoon circling a square.
As you've undoubtedly read in a variety of publications (including the Planning Commissioners Journal) there's a growing interest in "complete streets" and the positive impact that better streetscape design and increased connectivity can have. Last year, the City of Charlotte, North Carolina, won a National Smart Growth Award from the EPA for their street design guidelines.
EPA's web site includes a short video about Charlotte, and videos on the three other award winners. We can't embed the video, but you can access it either by using this link or by clicking on the screenshot on the right.
As the EPA noted:
"With the Urban Street Design Guidelines, the city of Charlotte is using street design to shape its development patterns and provide residents and visitors with viable choices for how they move about the city. ... The guidelines promote sustainable development patterns and streets that are more pleasant, safe, and walkable. For instance, policies include recommending block lengths for new development that create a more dense, well-connected network of streets that in turn promote more compact building design. Additionally, the city encourages wide planting strips to allow large, mature trees to grow, enhancing Charlotte's tree canopy and making the streets more pleasant for pedestrians and motorists alike. The city also has improved pedestrian crossings by making them more visible and changed traffic signal timing to better accommodate pedestrians.
Since 2004, the Charlotte Department of Transportation has applied the guidelines to more than 20 streets and 10 intersections. Seven of these projects included 'road diets,' which allow more bike lanes and improve sidewalks and crossings for pedestrians. The guidelines have facilitated the increase in the bike lane network from one mile in 2000 to more than 55 miles today."
an article we published by transportation planner Hannah Twaddell, Fitting Roadways to Community Needs (read excerpts; full article can be ordered & downloaded).
Imagine if you could stand next to the Brooklyn Bridge in New York City and wave greetings -- in real time -- to folks in London, England. Big deal, you might say. We have video teleconferencing, and we can even easily do this with webcams on our laptop computers. But then, why was the Telectroscope so popular last year. Yes, I said Telectroscope. They say it's a marvelous invention linking two giant telescope-like devices in New York and London via an underwater tube. Take a look at these two short news videos about it, one from the Associated Press, the other from the Wall Street Journal.
OK, so what if the Telectroscopes were just elaborate pieces of temporary public art (installed during May and June 2008) making use of two video cameras linked by a VPN connection transmitting images using MPEG-2 compression? Thousands flocked to the Telectroscopes' viewing screens to wave and smile at those waving and smiling back at them from across the Atlantic. Why? In part because of the creativity, imagination, spectacle, and plain fun involved. It's a "public art event" -- and events like this help enliven our cities.
You can also see hundreds of photos of the devices -- both in New York and London -- on the Flickr web site. I have to say, they're really quite remarkable pieces of interactive art.
"This is the story of an extraordinary invention called a Telectroscope. Miraculously, using only a tunnel through the earth and a Telectroscope, people can simultaneously interact with others who are many miles and hours away. ... Some years ago an artist by the name of Paul St George opened a battered suitcase. This suitcase had lain unopened on the top of a wardrobe for many years. In the suitcase he found a treasure trove of journals, drawings, diagrams, correspondence, notebooks, scribbled calculations, boxes of papers, an album of press-clippings and even one or two photographs. On further inspection he discovered that they had been the property of his great-grandfather, a little known Victorian engineer, Alexander Stanhope St George. The notebooks were full of intricate drawings and passages of writing describing a strange machine. ... Continue the story on the Telectroscope.net web site.
For more about the Telectroscope installations, see articles from The New York Times and from the BBC.
You may recall that in March we reported on American Makeover, a film project contrasting sprawl to new urbanism. As the producers said "Our project is to visit six cities across America to create six short 'webisodes' about new urbanism. Each episode will profile an actual town or neighborhood, giving viewers a first-hand look at new urbanism and what its like to live there."
I need to note that the Planning Commissioners Journal is a backer of the American Makeover project. Having said that, I think the first episode -- SPRAWLANTA -- is very effective. But judge for yourself:
The first half of the video uses experts to set the context, calling the Atlanta metro area "the poster child of suburban sprawl," "the fastest growing settlement in the history of the planet," "the most toxic city in the country," where the average worker "drives 66 miles a day," and where in 2008 "over 60 pedestrians were killed and over 1,000 injured."
Interestingly, the issue most strongly hammered home is the adverse health impacts from sprawl. This should resonate with many viewers.
The second half of the video then looks at one new urbanist project, Glenwood Park. Through this example, key new urbanist principles are described: walkability; mixed uses; garages in the back; and so on.
The wrap up explains how compact, traditional development can address the problems cited at the start of the video. Again, the primary focus is on health.
To me, American Makeover is advocacy video at its best. Yes, the video has a point of view. No, it doesn't delve into the complexities and shadings of various issues. That's simply not possible in nine minutes.
The aim of the video is to grab the attention and reach those Americans who may have a vague sense that something is wrong with the way many of our cities have developed. That's the target audience, not planners or urban designers who are already convinced that sprawling development is a problem and new urbanism one important solution. But it's up to planners, architects, and others to support efforts like this that will get the message out to the broader public.
What can I do to improve my community? That's a question that civic-minded individuals often ask. While there are many possibilities, you'll see one great example in today's two videos. They're part of a series of short videos for school age kids on bike and walking safety. They resulted from the hard work of Kim Arline, a resident of Pueblo, Colorado. Take a look two of the videos, then hear Kim describe how they came about.
"This all started when my daughter was in 1st grade attending a school that just needed a trail connecting it to the neighborhood behind across a drainage area. I talked about it to the principal, teachers and nothing ever happened. I found the community master trail system plan about that time and the trail was shown so I thought I could sit back and progress would happen. Years passed, I learned about the Safe Routes to School (SRTS) program and when my daughter was in the 5th grade I pushed the community and school district to work on a SRTS grant. Months passed and nothing. With only 6 weeks before the grant was due, I wrote my first grant, had a rude awakening to local government politics but pushed on to submit the grant after much scrambling and convincing local leaders. I could not have done it without the guidance and encouragement of a planner at the MPO -- a chance meeting at the right time made all the difference!"
"After my first successful grant, I thought I'd give it another try the following year with a non-infrastructure grant (education and encouragement) to produce an educational video showing people how to navigate our semi-rural roads safely to get to the trail system. The videos were originally created to be shown on the school-wide TV system over several days after the pledge of allegiance. The production crew suggested posting them on You Tube to reach a larger audience and we've promoted the links the past 2 months. People in health promotion and bike safety LOVE the videos and I've received many requests for DVD copies for them to use in classes. I will be using the videos in bike safety/commuter classes as our county tries to promote more healthy and active living with bike month and bike to work days coming up in May."
I asked Kim what lessons she learned from all this, and what advice she has for others.
"The advice I would give to anyone wanting to make a change in the world they live in is to start researching, networking locally and regionally and just keep working at it, even when it seems like nobody cares or wants to help. This has been one of the most rewarding and frustrating things I've ever done. The wheels of government turn slowly and people change their behaviors even more slowly -- but someone has to start the change. Don't just talk about it, be the change you want to see in the world!"
Note: Thanks to planner Todd Ahlenius (who I met in Pueblo three years ago) for alerting me to these videos and putting me in touch with Kim. Also, we're setting out a portion of the Pueblo Bicycle & Trails map below -- use this link to download the full map (pdf format).
So says architect Hubert Klumpner in explaining why it's important to understand places like Caracas and how they work. About half the world's population lives in "informal cities" like the barrios sprawling over Caracas' hillsides.
Last week we highlighted Jaime Lerner and Curitiba, Brazil. This week you'll see a different picture. Your guides will be architects Klempner and his colleague at the Urban Think Tank, Alfredo Brillembourg, also an architect. It's not a highly polished video like those produced by NBC or CNN. But in many ways it offers more revealing insights.
Caracas has witnessed explosive growth. As you'll hear, due to immigration the metro area grew from about 1 million in the 1950s to 6 million today. The informal city, which houses some 4 million people, sprawls over huge hillside areas. The scope is dramatically shown in the opening few minutes of the video. Almost all of the housing is built by the people who live in it -- and you'll see some of the building materials they use.
Posted above is Part 1 of Caracas, the Informal City, directed by Rob Schroder. Parts 2 and 3 are also available via YouTube; you can use the links below. (Unfortunately, Parts 4-6 of the documentary have not been posted).
I found this engrossing viewing, as it shows a picture so different from what most of us in North America are familiar with. Major challenges facing the millions living in the informal city include lack of infrastructure and crime. Some of you may find especially interesting former Caracas Mayor Leopoldo Lopez's comments in Part 2 about how sports facilities can reduce reduce crime and a look at one solution, the "vertical sports hall."
More videos by Urban Think Tank on other cities are also available on YouTube.
Note: we first came across Caracas: The Informal City through a posting on the Urban Genetics web blog. Our thanks.
For a good short commentary on informal cities from a global perspective, see Anthony Flint, "Improving slums, one step at a time" (Mar. 31, 2010) ("Instead of mass evictions and bulldozing, local governments are working with vast, illegally occupied settlements where they are trying to make life a little better with basic services such as electricity, water, sewer and sanitation systems, as well as what some are calling “socio-ecologic” infrastructure.").
In this week's Friday video -- and next week's as well -- we're going to take those of us living in the U.S. and Canada south. That is, to South America. Usually when we look outside of North America, we focus on planning-related developments in places like Europe, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand. But there's much we can learn from South American planners -- and there's been one person in the forefront of innovative city planning ideas, the former three-term Mayor of Curitiba, Brazil (population, 1.8 million), Jaime Lerner. Perhaps not surprisingly, Lerner also happens to be an architect and urban planner.
While we usually try to limit the videos we post to 10 minutes, I think you'll find the extra 5 minutes worth it. And if this catches your interest, take a look also at the second video below which provides a 2 minute introduction to how public transit is handled in Curitiba. The video immediately below is from the TED lecture series (an outstanding series of talks covering an extraordinary range of innovative ideas); the second is a short documentary made for CNBC. For even more on Curitiba and Jaime Lerner, see a 2007 video, City of Dreams, by SBS/Dateline.
p.s., I've never been to Curitaba -- so if any of you viewing this post have, I'd especially welcome your posting a brief comment.
Do you have a week to spare to watch a video? What if it allowed you to travel on the Trans-Siberian Express across Russia? Well, you don't need a week -- you can pick and choose wherever along the route you'd like to be. Just use the Google Map linked to this video to shift you're location anywhere along the route -- you can also zoom in and out on the map. This is a truly remarkable use of Google maps -- and it's also quite addictive (like the famous Shiba Inu Puppy Cam).
Either click here or on the screenshot image below to go to the Moscow-Vladivostock Trans-Siberian web page.
Dan Zack, the Downtown Coordinator for Redwood City, California, has put together a quite interesting photo quiz on the density of various residential buildings -- primarily in Redwood City and Palo Alto. It's the type of quiz you might want to try in your own city or region. See if there are lessons you can draw from Zack's 11-minute long presentation. At the very least, you'll get a tour of parts of these two communities (with a few stops elsewhere).
I emailed Dan Zack and asked him what reaction he's received to the density quiz. Here's his reply:
I'm really happy to say that the presentation has changed the conversation among the people who have seen it. One of my main goals was to reset people's density "scale." I've seen people protest a project that was only 4 units per acre as being too dense. Sorry, but that's not dense. I'll show you dense! Also, it has given the people who have seen it a clear understanding that ugly might be low in density, and really attractive stuff might be unbelievably dense. Likewise, they understand that tall doesn't necessarily equal dense.
Zack also went on to provide four very useful tips if you're interested in putting together a similar density quiz for your community:
1. Try to use as many local examples as possible. This diffuses the "sure it works in (insert any city other than your own here), but we are sooooo different and it won't work for us" argument.
2. Don't be afraid to show REALLY dense projects in the quiz. Give people a sense of the actual spectrum of density that exists out there. If you limit the high end of your spectrum to 30 du/ac because you're afraid of freaking people out, then later when a nice townhouse project just off of the Main Street comes in at 40 du/ac, it will look psychotically dense to them. In reality, 40 du/ac is pretty moderate, when you look at the range of things on the ground in our country. So if your quiz includes a few nice projects that are over 100 or 200 (or 300) du/ac, then 40 can be seen for what it really is: not too radical, and possibly just right depending on the situation.
3. Stick with net du/ac figures. That is how projects are measured for zoning/development application purposes, and that is what is on public hearing notices that people will receive, so that is what they need to understand. Don't muddy the waters by mixing gross du/ac or persons per square mile figures into our quiz.
4. Don't try to be slick and come up with a fancy new word for density. That dang word is in every zoning ordinance in the country, and we can't get away from it. We need to redefine it and take it back, rather than hiding from it and calling it something like "compactness." People figure it out pretty quickly when you're hiding something, and then they won't trust you. Deal with it head on, and clear away the myths and misconceptions.
For those of you taking the time to read this, we also invite you to download a complimentary pdf of an article we recently published in the Planning Commissioners Journal, "Getting the Density You Want," by Beth Humstone (who will also be joining us as a regular contributing writer).
The first video below is about two individuals who, arguably, have had more of an impact on the course of urban planning than any others -- Robert Moses and Jane Jacobs. In the second half of the 8 minute video, you'll hear how their paths crossed in the battle over the Lower Manhattan Expressway in 1962. This video was produced by John Elias and Peter Baum in 2008.
The second video features an interview of Jane Jacobs in 2002. As Jacbos remarks, what we most need to do is "study the parts [of our cities] that work and that people use," adding that "the greatest asset a city or city neighborhood can have is something that is different from every other place." And, Jacobs notes, "don't think it can be done by wishful thinking or pretty words." Produced by the Active Living Network.
Many of you may be familiar with the remarkable Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, D.C., dedicated in 1982. It was conceived by a then quite young architect, Maya Lin. Over the past 28 years, Lin has continued her work on memorials, while also exploring how art can enhance our understanding of landforms and the natural environment.
Last Fall, I had the chance to see her most recent work, Wavefield, situated on 11 acres at the Storm King Art Center near Newburgh, New York. The first video below (by the New York Times) focuses on Wavefield. In the second video, Lin goes into greater depth in discussing her work. If you ever have the chance to be in the New York City area, I'd strongly encourage you to take a day trip to visit Storm King -- a truly amazing sculpture park.
While In New York City recently, I stumbled across some work in a Chelsea gallery by Korean visual artist June Bum Park. In a planner's dream world (or hallucination), this would be how we'd shape pedestrian crossings. Note: there's no sound with the video.
Artists can have a huge impact on turning a community around. That's the case in the old industrial city of Braddock, Pennsylvania, not far from Pittsburgh. Think of ways in which you can involve local artists in your city or town. Note: the Braddock segment starts about one minute into the video.
If you found this video informative, see the first two parts of the series, put together by Pittsburgh artists Kathleen Mulcahy and Ron Desmett (the links to the rest of the series are on Mulcahy's web site).
For more on the importance of the arts to local planning, see Ric Stephens' short article, "Where's Art in Planning" -- free pdf from Fall 2009 issue of the Planning Commissioners Journal.
You might have noticed that we previously posted separate stories about the health benefits of using stairs and a piano map of Ohio. Then we came across a video that actually combines both! This very enjoyable short (under 2 minute) video was filmed in Stockholm, Sweden. If you like it, take a look at the two other videos on thefuntheory.com web site.
Given the high population density in Japan's metropolitan area, it shouldn't come as a surprise that a Japanese firm has come up with an automated bicycle storage facility. Take a look at this short video from The Guardian newspaper's website.
As Guardian editor David Munk describes it: "Has Japan designed the world's best bike shed? It's not often something stops you in your bike tracks. But a spectacular "bike tree" invention from Japan bowled me over when I was in Tokyo a couple of weeks ago.
Fed up with bicycles locked to railings, piled on top of each other, blocking doorways and roads, a local council in the city installed the mechanical masterpiece. It's basically an automatic storage system for cycles and operates with computer tagging of bikes and either storage in a building or a basement structure.
There are a number of locations where these bike trees are now in place in Tokyo some hold 600-odd bikes, others more than 6,000. The concept came from the massive Japanese steel company JFE, whose engineering works division first started them in 2007 but are now spreading.
... The process of retrieval normally takes 15 seconds but can be slightly longer (it took 30 seconds in my experience). The advantages are plain your bike becomes theft-proof, you are encouraged to cycle to work and local authorities don't have to deal with unsightly and sometimes annoying bicycle clutter. The downside is that it costs a lot of money and the infrastructure involves serious resources."
For more details on the bicycle storage facility, see:
I enjoy watching good time-lapse videos, and there are some quite good ones on YouTube of various cities. But this is one of the best I've seen. What's more, it couldn't be more fitting now that the Vancouver Winter Olympics are about to begin. So sit back, relax, and enjoy Vancouver!
Some information about the video posted on YouTube: "Vancouver City" music video is an artistic collaboration between Innerlife Project and TimeLapseHD. These time lapses are shot with a 12 mega pixel digital single lens reflex cameras. Original resolution is 6 times better then HD (high definition). The images have been resized for HD and are much better quality then shown here on YouTube. Video clips are for sale. For more information and music downloads go to www.innerlifeproject.com
Read Planetizen's Nate Berg interview of Vancouver Planning Director Brent Toderian in "The Olympics and the City" on Places.
OK, perhaps we're being Janus-faced, but for those of you who finding this video too upbeat or who are concerned with mega-scale sporting events and some of their negative impacts, take a look at: Closing Ceremonies: How Law, Policy and the Winter Olympics are Displacing an Inconveniently Located Low-Income Community in Vancouver (scroll down article to get to the Vancouver section).
"Historic schools are community assets. That’s the message Colorado Preservation, Inc. (CPI) is taking to school districts across Colorado. Through their historic schools survey project, CPI combed the Centennial State to inventory schools still owned by school districts, completing reconnaissance-level surveys for those more than 50 years old. Using this information, they commissioned a film, “Our Living Legacy: Colorado’s Historic Schools,” featuring six historic schools that underwent successful rehabilitations. The goal? To demonstrate that older and historic schools can be rehabilitated to meet today’s educational standards, save capital costs, eliminate indirect costs of sprawl, and be a source of community pride.
A copy of the film has been distributed to every school district in the state, along with publications from the Council of Educational Facility Planners International on how to successfully renovate older and historic school facilities."
You've got to see this video to believe it. It's a wacky takeoff of "It's a Wonderful Life" that only planners from Beverly Hills could create. Yes, it's a bit longer than most of our Friday video shorts, but it's a video I think you'll find entertaining -- especially if you're a planner or planning commissioner!
You'll meet George Buildley, Harry, Mary, and, of course, Clarence. It starts when George learns he needs to have a planned addition reviewed by the Planning Department. In response, George cries out: "I wish there was no planning department ... I wish the gosh darn Planning Department never existed." And his wish comes true. Then see what George discovers. Written & directed by Richard Gale.
We recently released an updated version of our best-selling: Welcome to the Commission! A Guide for New Members. In addition to "Tips for New Members" and "The Planning Universe," the revised edition includes planning historian Laurence Gerckens' fascinating Planning ABC's -- an alphabetic overview of 26 key planning topics.
For details & ordering information.
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